Disparities in children's sports participation and food advertising exposure in amateur sports settings in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study examined social disparities in sports team participation and self-reported exposure to food advertising in amateur sports settings in Canada and examined differences in exposure between Quebec (where commercial advertising directed to children under 13 years, including sponsorship, is restricted) and other provinces (where there are no restrictions). Children aged 10-17 years (n = 3672) completed a cross-sectional online survey in 2019 and answered questions on sports team participation and exposure to food advertising on signs at their sporting events and on their sports equipment. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to examine differences among socio-demographic subgroups and policy environments. Sports team participation was reported by 39.5% of children, with male children and those who perceived their family's income as adequate being more likely to report this. In Quebec, 30.5% and 33.9% of children aged 10-12 and 13-17 years who play sports, respectively, reported exposure to food advertising on signs and/or sports equipment compared with 44.8% and 40.0% in other provinces. Male children were more likely to report exposure on signs and children who perceived their family's income as inadequate were more likely to report exposure on sports equipment. Children outside Quebec were more likely to report exposure on both signs (AOR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.84) and sports equipment (AOR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.06, 2.09). Overall, many children in Canada are exposed to food advertising in amateur sports settings with some subpopulations being more likely exposed. Despite Quebec's restrictions, children under 13 years in the province still reported exposure to food advertising. More research is needed to assess the effectiveness of Quebec's law.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".