Acute Effects of Oral Microbial Protease Co-ingestion with Whey Protein on Postprandial Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations, Appetite, and Satiety in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Proteases are enzymes that breakdown proteins into peptides and amino acids. When co-ingested with dietary protein, proteases may enhance digestion, increase postprandial plasma amino acid concentration, and affect gut hormones, appetite, and/or satiety. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a mixture of 3 microbial protease preparations (P3) on postprandial plasma amino acid concentration when co-ingested with whey protein concentrate (WPC) in healthy young adults. METHODS: P3 was first tested in vitro for proteolytic effects in a static simulation of orogastric digestion. In a subsequent randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover study, 12 males and 12 females [body mass index (BMI)-mean: 23.6 (SD: 2.9); age-mean: 25 y (SD: 3 y)] consumed WPC (25 g protein) containing P3 or placebo (maltodextrin). Plasma amino acid, glucose, insulin, and appetite regulatory hormone concentrations were assessed at baseline and throughout a 240-min postprandial period. Perceived appetite sensations were assessed by visual analog scale questionnaires. An ad libitum meal was administered following each treatment to determine energy intake. RESULTS: P3 demonstrated proteolytic activity at 50,000 hemoglobin units on tyrosine basis per 31.9 g serving of WPC in vitro. Adjusted geometric mean postprandial plasma 60-min incremental area under the curve was 14% greater for essential amino acids (treatment: P = 0.025) and 15% greater for branched-chain amino acids (treatment: P = 0.021) with P3 than placebo, with no differences for total amino acids or leucine (all P > 0.05). Adjusted geometric mean postprandial plasma ghrelin was 12% lower (treatment: P < 0.001), whereas adjusted mean visual analog scale-derived fullness (treatment: P = 0.025) and satiation (interaction: t = 30-150 min; all P < 0.05) were greater with P3 than placebo. Adjusted mean postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, and ad libitum meal energy intake were not different between treatments (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Co-ingestion of WPC with P3 can enhance early postprandial plasma aminoacidemia and alter select indices of appetite and satiety in young adults. This trial was prospectively registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05957185.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".