Passivation strategies in lead-free perovskite solar cells: Towards efficient and stable photovoltaic devices
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
• The environmental impact of lead is briefly addressed. • The effect of various passivation additives in mitigating structural and interfacial defects is highlighted. • The photovoltaic characteristics and operational stability of the investigated Pb-free PSCs are evaluated. • Key performance parameters of the reviewed studies are thoroughly summarized and tabulated. The development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) technology has been accelerating tremendously over the past decade. With the recent approved world-record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs of 27 %, perovskites have become the first solution-processed technology to surpass the performance of thin-film and multi-crystalline silicon. In order to implement this technology on a large scale, two primary limitations that must be dealt with are toxicity of lead (Pb) and perovskite stability. Despite the fact that Pb is a de facto material in third generation photovoltaic devices, it is highly recommended for health, safety and environmental necessity to explore alternatives that still possess the unique optoelectronic characteristics of lead halide perovskites. Pb-free perovskite materials have been gaining extensive attention as promising candidates to solve the toxicity issue. More importantly, Passivation plays a critical role in enhancing the performance and stability of Pb-free perovskite solar cells by mitigating defect-induced non-radiative recombination at interfaces and grain boundaries. Effective passivation strategies significantly improve carrier lifetimes and reduce energy losses, which are essential for achieving better PCEs. Therefore, this review thoroughly discusses the advances of various passivation additives in enhancing photoelectric efficiency as well as the environmental stability of Pb-free PSCs. Additionally, the contribution of passivation materials in the mitigation of different drawbacks presented on perovskites, including defect density, charge carrier recombination rate and Sn 2+ oxidation has been highlighted, paving the way to push the limits of lead-free solar devices even further.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it