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Polygenic prediction of body mass index and obesity through the life course and across ancestries
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Bibliographic record
VenueNature Medicine · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicBirth, Development, and Health
Canadian institutionsUniversity of TorontoCentre for Global Health ResearchDalhousie UniversityMontreal Heart InstituteUniversité de MontréalUniversité Laval
FundersCenter of Innovation ProgramCore Research for Evolutional Science and TechnologyInstitute of GeneticsUCB PharmaEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human DevelopmentBiosense WebsterNational Center for Advancing Translational SciencesNational Center for Research ResourcesNational Institute of Environmental Health SciencesFogarty International CenterNational Institute of General Medical SciencesNational Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institute on AgingNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismNational Key Research and Development Program of ChinaHealth and Social Care Research and Development DivisionDepartament d'Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la InformacióDet Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Københavns UniversitetSahlgrenska AkademinCancer Council VictoriaCanadian Institutes of Health ResearchElizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, University of BristolNational Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin DiseasesNational Institute of Mental HealthHelsinki Institute of Life Science, Helsingin YliopistoPerelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaCenters for Disease Control and PreventionTurun YliopistosäätiöAmsterdam NeuroscienceSygehus LillebæltDiabetesforeningenHeinz Nixdorf StiftungAbbott DiagnosticsProvincia autonoma di Bolzano - Alto AdigeFreistaat SachsenXarxa de Bancs de Tumors de CatalunyaDiabetestutkimussäätiöWageningen University and ResearchH. Lundbeck A/SHjartaverndInstitut de Cardiologie de MontréalMitsubishi Tanabe Pharma CorporationTaipei Veterans General HospitalTakeda Pharmaceutical CompanyFondation du cancer du sein du QuébecServierUniversity of TorontoSyöpäsäätiöSiemens HealthineersAmgenUniversity of KelaniyaEuropean CommissionTaysCase Western Reserve UniversityLandelijke Stichting voor Blinden en SlechtziendenDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftTaichung Veterans General HospitalDeutsches KrebsforschungszentrumEgmont FondenChinese Society of Clinical OncologyConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaNovo Nordisk FondenUniversity of BristolSafe Work AustraliaWake Forest School of MedicineKarl-Franzens-Universität GrazDiabetesliittoNational Cancer InstitutePeking UniversityNational Institute on Drug AbuseNational Cancer Research InstituteGratama StichtingNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIOtsuka PharmaceuticalNovo NordiskInstitut National Du CancerWetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en DocumentatiecentrumRadboud Universitair Medisch CentrumOulun YliopistoGöteborgs UniversitetLastentautien TutkimussäätiöNational University Health SystemUniversität HamburgMedical Research CouncilDasman Diabetes InstituteFundación IMSSNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensRigshospitaletSydäntutkimussäätiöUniversitair Medisch Centrum GroningenOogfondsUniversitetet i BergenUmeå UniversitetInstituto Mexicano del Seguro SocialCanadian Cancer Society Research InstituteNational Health Research InstitutesDeutsche KrebshilfeOffice of the First Minister and Deputy First MinisterQueen's UniversityUniversität zu LübeckFaculty of Medicine and Health, University of SydneyOesterreichische NationalbankJuho Vainion SäätiöLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenEmil Aaltosen SäätiöNational Institute on Minority Health and Health DisparitiesNational Research Foundation of KoreaAugustinus FondenKorea Institute of Science and TechnologyLundbeckfondenFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western AustraliaFondation LeducqLunds UniversitetSamfundet FolkhälsanHjerteforeningenMinistero della SaluteFundación Marqués de ValdecillaAlexion PharmaceuticalsAmsterdam University Medical CentersFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekNierstichtingKfH-Stiftung PräventivmedizinMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónGeneralitat de CatalunyaVrije Universiteit AmsterdamRadboud UniversiteitKelaYrjö Jahnssonin SäätiöEconomic and Social Research CouncilNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaUniversitätsklinikum RegensburgDanmarks GrundforskningsfondNational Institute of Nursing ResearchUniversiteit LeidenCotswold FoundationNorges ForskningsrådScience Foundation IrelandUnited Kingdom Clinical Research CollaborationStockholms Läns LandstingGlaxoSmithKlineSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungChildren's Hospital of PhiladelphiaInvitaeMurdoch UniversityUniversität LeipzigFondation Institut de Cardiologie de MontréalUniversity of MichiganGovernment of the United KingdomUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesMinistero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della RicercaMarch of Dimes FoundationBritish Heart FoundationCentre for Ageing Research and Development in IrelandGenome CanadaBoston Scientific CorporationScottish GovernmentNational Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health PromotionUniversity of CambridgeCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research, IndiaSkånes universitetssjukhusNational Institutes of HealthNational University of SingaporeSamsungProstate Cancer Foundation of AustraliaNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekRosetrees TrustProstate Cancer CanadaUniversity of Notre Dame AustraliaTurun Yliopistollinen KeskussairaalaNational Medical Research CouncilSuomen KulttuurirahastoGovernment of CanadaHealth~HollandMinisterium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-WestfalenJanssen Scientific AffairsJST-Mirai ProgramNational Institute of Biomedical InnovationPublic Health AgencyEli Lilly and CompanyDepartment for the EconomyRegione CampaniaNational Research Foundation SingaporeNational Research FoundationElse Kröner-Fresenius-StiftungJan Dekker StichtingDepartment of Health, Government of Western AustraliaAustrian Science FundNational Institute for Health and Care ResearchHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenHelsingin YliopistoNational Eye InstituteFolkhälsanin TutkimussäätiöNational Center for Global Health and MedicineLeidosCancer Research InstituteU.S. Department of Veterans AffairsNorthShore University HealthSystemStichting BlindenhulpSwedish Cancer FoundationKorea National Institute of HealthCenter for Translational Molecular MedicineKarolinska InstitutetVlaamse regeringBroad InstituteAustralian GovernmentZonMwFoundation for Cardiovascular ResearchWellcome TrustRegeneron PharmaceuticalsTampereen TuberkuloosisäätiöPancreatic Cancer UKBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungSigne ja Ane Gyllenbergin SäätiöJapan Agency for Medical Research and DevelopmentSungkyunkwan UniversityNational Science FoundationUniversity of ThessalyGentofte HospitalMovember FoundationMassachusetts General HospitalScottish Funding CouncilBiomedical Research CouncilGilead SciencesMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyHelsingin ja Uudenmaan SairaanhoitopiiriHelse Sør-Øst RHFRoyal Marsden NHS Foundation TrustSouthern University of Science and TechnologyBristol-Myers SquibbRijksuniversiteit GroningenDanoneUniversity of Notre DameUniversity of PennsylvaniaMedizinische Universität GrazBayerJuvenile Diabetes Research Foundation InternationalMedical Research Council CanadaDeutsches Zentrum für Herz-KreislaufforschungTurun YliopistoChinese Academy of SciencesFinska LäkaresällskapetYale UniversityQueen's University BelfastDeutsche HerzstiftungAtlantic PhilanthropiesVictor Chang Cardiac Research InstitutePfizerGovernment of Western AustraliaWomen and Infants Research FoundationNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokePaavo Nurmen SäätiöOvarian Cancer Research FundChina-Japan Friendship HospitalTrygFondenLeids Universitair Medisch CentrumProstate Cancer FoundationSanofiVincent Fairfax Family FoundationNational Science CouncilBreast Cancer Research FoundationAgency for Science, Technology and ResearchKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseNederlandse Zuivel OrganisatieNational Heart, Lung, and Blood InstituteAstraZenecaDalhousie UniversityStiftelsen för Strategisk ForskningFoundation for the National Institutes of Health
KeywordsBody mass indexObesityLife course approachGerontologyMedicineEnvironmental healthDemographyPsychologyInternal medicineDevelopmental psychologySociology
Abstract
No abstract in any covered source. Its absence is recorded, not treated as a negative.
No abstract. This is not a gap in this database; OpenAlex has none either. 23.3% of the frame is in this state, and the screen finds HALF as much metaresearch here, so the absence is a measured bias rather than a missing field.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.045
Threshold uncertainty score0.339
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.014
GPT teacher head0.335
Teacher spread0.321 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations31
Published2025
Admission routes2
Has abstractno