Accuracy of pore water pressure measurements using vibrating wire piezometers with fully grouted and bentonite chip seal borehole backfill methods
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The fully grouted method (FGM) to backfill vibrating wire piezometers has become common geotechnical practice; however, the studies upon which acceptance of the FGM has been based considered very limited and specific, steady-state groundwater flow conditions that are not representative of many common conditions encountered in practice. Many geotechnical professionals have uncritically accepted recommendations to adopt the FGM and rely on the FGM in settings where accurate pore water pressure measurements are a matter of public safety, such as dams and hill slopes. The earlier published data that formed the basis for widespread adoption of the FGM did not consider rapid transient pressure changes, such as situations where pore water pressures resulting from application of external stresses (e.g., embankment construction) are induced in a low-permeability soil layer. This paper reports the results of steady state and transient finite element analyses of FGM installations in low permeability clay layers and provides insight into the applicability and limitations of the FGM and conditions where the FGM may result in significant errors in the unconservative direction. Results from field installations are presented that show the errors that can occur with the FGM. Practical recommendations are provided to guide practitioners in minimizing errors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".