Compulsive Coping Behavior, Developed Predominantly by Sign-Trackers, Is Exacerbated by Chronic Atomoxetine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Loss of control over coping strategies can result in the development of impulsive/compulsive spectrum disorders (ICSDs) such as obsessive-compulsive disorder or trichotillomania. Rats, like humans, show individual differences in their tendency to engage in and maintain control over coping behaviors. While most rats exposed to a schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) procedure develop controlled, moderate, polydipsic coping, some vulnerable individuals engage in excessive, compulsive drinking, or hyperdipsia. The development of hyperdipsia depends in part on noradrenergic mechanisms, as it is prevented by the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine (ATX) in highly impulsive vulnerable rats. However, whether noradrenergic mechanisms also underlie the expression of well-established hyperdipsia and whether other traits, such as the ICSD-relevant sign-tracking, confer vulnerability to its development are unknown. METHODS: In 2 longitudinal studies with male Sprague Dawley rats, we investigated whether well-established hyperdipsia was influenced by ATX and whether its development was predicted by sign-tracking. RESULTS: Sign-tracking was associated with faster acquisition of SIP and the development of high or compulsive levels of SIP. Chronic ATX both exacerbated hyperdipsia and increased the messenger RNA levels of the markers of cellular activity and plasticity cFos and Zif268 across the dorsal striatum as revealed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. ATX also altered the transcriptomic landscape of the nucleus accumbens shell and the pattern of cFos and Zif268 expression in the amygdalo-striatal system. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide new insight into the biobehavioral basis of compulsive behaviors, revealing differential noradrenergic control of the development and expression of compulsive coping, with the latter involving recruitment of distinct striatal processes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".