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Record W4412560560 · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000385

A critical review of the evolution and interrelation of traumatic stress disorders

2025· review· en· W4412560560 on OpenAlexaff
Ayah Hamadeh, Joseph El‐Khoury, Júlio Torales, Mia Atoui, Neil Krishan Aggarwal, Michael Campbell, Myrna Lashley, Joana Corrêa de Magalhães Narvaez, Audrey McMahon, Antonio Ventriglio, Rowalt Alibudbud, Padmavati Ramachandran, Helena Ferreira Moura, Tarek Okasha, Rachel Tribe, Geraint Day, Afzal Javed, Albert Persaud, Dinesh Bhugra

Bibliographic record

VenuePLOS mental health. · 2025
Typereview
Languageen
FieldPsychology
TopicResilience and Mental Health
Canadian institutionsMcGill University
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPsychologyMedicine

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Trauma is a complex and often contentious psychopathological construct. The term trauma has become ubiquitous within mental health literature and practice. It is often used interchangeably to describe the etiology and the reaction to it. In this article we describe its historical and contemporary conceptualization through a review of the disorders that claim a direct relation to traumatic events whether or not they are recognized by official psychiatric classification systems. We critically evaluate the extent to which current understandings of traumatic stress disorders capture the diversity and complexity in trauma experiences and responses across global contexts. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder continues to be the most used clinically and most studied academically. Other diagnoses such as Ongoing Traumatic Stress Reaction and Continuous Traumatic Stress are becoming more prevalent in psychiatry, and simultaneously, Complex PTSD is challenging the way we perceive and address some personality disorders. A realignment of the definition among the various mental health professions, in addition to a comprehensive evaluation of the relevance of current classification for the nature and timeline of traumatic events, in particular in war times, would ensure better research, interventions, and, ultimately, outcomes for individuals and communities affected by traumatic events.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Systematic review · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.550
Threshold uncertainty score0.517

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.068
GPT teacher head0.471
Teacher spread0.403 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designSystematic review
Domainnot available
GenreReview

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations12
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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