Determinants of Cognitive Performance Among Ghanaian Hypertensive Patients: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Background Cognitive decline is one of the most deleterious consequences of hypertension. Hypertension is rife in sub‐Saharan Africa, where control of blood pressure is abysmally poor. Objective This study is aimed at assessing the determinants of cognitive performance among Ghanaian hypertensive patients. Methods This was a cross‐sectional study conducted at a single district hospital among hypertensives aged ≥ 18 years. Global cognitive performance is assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA). A multivariable linear regression analysis was performed, and a beta coefficient was computed to identify factors independently associated with the MOCA score. Results We enrolled 214 adults living with hypertension; the mean (SD) age was 64 (13.4) years, and 168 (78.5%) were females. Factors, with their adjusted beta coefficients (95% CI), independently associated with cognitive performance were age, −0.10 (−0.16, −0.04), p < 0.001; female sex, −2.3 (−4.2, −0.35), p = 0.021, secondary and tertiary‐level educational attainment +5.2 (3.5, 6.9), p < 0.001 and +4.1 (0.49, 7.7), p = 0.026 respectively. In sensitivity unadjusted analyses, body mass index (BMI), with a beta coefficient of +0.18(0.08, 0.29), p < 0.001, was associated with MOCA score in females. Among the male participants, a history of heart failure, −11 (−15, −5.9), p < 0.001, history of stroke −11 (−15, −5.9), p < 0.001, BMI −0.31 (−0.49, −0.13), p = 0.002 and uncontrolled hypertension −3.5 (−6.9, −0.15), p = 0.047 were associated with MOCA score. Conclusion Increasing age and female sex are associated with poorer global cognitive performance, while higher educational attainment is associated with good global cognitive performance among Ghanaians living with hypertension.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".