Serving Up Irish Hospitality on Credit: Business Practices of Women Publicans and Grocers in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Montréal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: Irish women were not only wives and daughters of publicans and grocers; their labour was critical to public houses and grocery shops. Moreover, their involvement in hospitality, as publicans and grocers, provided them with the means to raise families and to realize economic independence, autonomy, and security, especially in the face of widowhood with children to support. Tavern- and innkeepers and grocers required a good head for business because they had to extend credit to guests and customers and purchase goods on credit. An array of historical sources, especially the Bartholomew O'Brien fonds and R. G. Dun & Company credit report volumes for Montréal, highlight in some detail women's responsibilities, credit arrangements, capital accumulation, and business strategies. This study pays close attention to female publicans and grocers of Irish descent operating at mid-century in Montréal to argue that social networking facilitated the circulation of goods, money, information, people, and credit. The article also considers the ways in which they managed risk owing to fires, epidemics, and business failures. Abstract: Les femmes irlandaises n'étaient pas seulement les épouses et les filles des marchands de boissons et des épiciers ; leur travail était essentiel aux débits de boissons et aux épiceries. En outre, leur implication dans le domaine de l'hospitalité, en tant que tavernières et épicières, leur donnait les moyens d'élever leur famille et de parvenir à une indépendance économique, à l'autonomie et à la sécurité, en particulier lorsqu'elles se retrouvaient veuves avec des enfants à charge. Les taverniers, les aubergistes et les épiciers se devaient d'avoir un bon sens des affaires, car ils devaient accorder du crédit à leurs clients et à leurs invités, et devaient également acheter des marchandises à crédit. Un éventail de sources historiques, en particulier le fonds Bartholomew O'Brien et les volumes de R G. Dun & Company pour Montréal, mettent en lumière de façon assez détaillée les responsabilités des femmes, les ententes de crédit, l'accumulation de capital et leur sens stratégique. Cette étude porte une attention particulière aux femmes tavernières et épicières d'origine irlandaise actives à Montréal au milieu du siècle, afin de montrer que le réseautage social a facilité la circulation des biens, de l'argent, de l'information, des personnes et du crédit. L'article examine également les façons dont elles ont géré les risques liés aux incendies, aux épidémies et aux faillites d'entreprises.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".