A Single-Station Earthquake Catalog for the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (2011–2016): Challenges and Implications for the Spreading Cycle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca ridge oceanic spreading center has been intermittently monitored by ocean-bottom seismometer (OBS) networks for three decades. The available long-term earthquake record is influenced by magmatic, tectonic, and hydrothermal processes surrounding a sequence of dike emplacements from 1999 to 2005. Background seismicity decreased at the end of this sequence and was low a decade later in 2016 when multistation monitoring began with the Ocean Networks Canada NEPTUNE cabled observatory. Because of a gap in the catalog, it is unknown whether the rates were consistently low from 2006 to 2016. We expand the catalog to include 2011–2016 using a single OBS on the NEPTUNE cabled observatory. We perform single-station earthquake detection and explore earthquake localization using P-wave polarization and P- and S-wave differential arrival times. We assess the accuracy of these techniques by comparison to traditional network methods in 2016–2017. We find that distances between the earthquake and station are estimated well using a single station, but for most stations, P waves display a strongly preferred polarization direction that is independent of earthquake source azimuth. This is only observed for stations within the highly fractured axial graben. We propose that this effect is intrinsic to the midocean ridge environment and is a result of shallow fracture-induced scattering very near the OBS. Although this prevents us from calculating earthquake hypocenters, we present earthquake counts, ranges, and moments for 2011–2016 in comparison to the multistation catalog that begins in 2016. We show that seismicity rates remain consistently low both in the segment center and segment ends for 2011–2016. Our results provide further evidence that the 1999–2005 dike emplacements relieved most of the extensional strain on the segment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".