Infant Acid‐Suppressant Medication, <scp> <i>C. difficile</i> </scp> Colonisation, and Childhood Body Mass Index in a Canadian Cohort
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: To determine relationships between paediatric use of acid-suppressive medications (ASMs) (proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RA)) and preschool body mass index (BMI) and mediation by C. difficile colonisation. METHODS: ASMs were parent-reported at age 3, 6 and 12 months in 1025 infants from the CHILD Cohort Study. Targeted qPCR for C. difficile was conducted in stool collected at 3 months, and age/sex adjusted BMI-z scores were calculated at age 5 years. ASM use and BMI-z score associations were assessed by regression, and mediation analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Approximately 4% of infants received H2RAs, most before age 3 months. C. difficile colonisation was twice as likely in 3-month-old infants receiving H2RAs (OR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.13-4.51) and was associated with higher BMI-z scores at age 5 years (β: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.46). Mediation models showed an indirect positive effect of H2RA use on 5-year BMI-z scores, mediated through C. difficile colonisation (β: 0.065, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.13). CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence of increased preschool BMI following H2RA use in infants that was mediated through C. difficile colonisation. Further study on ASM use in infancy, the gut microbiome, and pathways to body weight health outcomes is warranted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".