Exploring functional neurological disorder: Cultural influences and risk factors in Iranian society – A cross-sectional study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Functional Neurological Disorder (FND) is a neuropsychiatric condition marked by disrupted brain function. It is prevalent, affecting over 10% of neurology outpatients, and often misdiagnosed due to symptom overlap with other neurological disorders. Cultural factors significantly influence symptom expression. This study explores FND's risk factors and presentations in Iranian culture, contributing to a broader understanding of this complex disorder. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study examined 53 FND patients diagnosed using DSM-5 criteria at Rasoul Akram Hospital, Tehran, from 2021-2024. Data on demographic information, medical comorbidities, psychological stressors, and the clinical presentations of FND were retrospectively collected. Logistic regression explored relationships between FND presentations and other factors. Results: Almost 85% of the participants reported experiencing at least one stressor prior to the onset of FND symptoms, with grief and familial stressors most common. Psychiatric comorbidities were reported by 75.5%, predominantly major depressive disorder (62.3%). Among FND presentations, sensory manifestations correlated with neurological comorbidities, while seizure presentations were linked to personality disorders and familial stressors, highlighting environmental influences on FND symptoms. Discussion: In Iranian culture, rich in trauma and unique characteristics, FND patients commonly experience major depressive disorder (MDD) as a comorbidity. Familial stressors and grief are prevalent, with familial stressors being critical due to cultural significance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".