Trajectories of behavioral and emotional problems in preschoolers with congenital heart disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To characterize intraindividual trajectories of behavioral and emotional problems in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) between 2 and 5 years of age, and to explore the predictors of these trajectories. METHODS: Sixty-six patients (42 boys) followed at the neurocardiac clinic of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital in Montréal, Québec, Canada were recruited. Their behavioral and emotional problems at 2, 3 ½, and 5 years of age were reported by parents. RESULTS: Correlations revealed moderate to high rank-order stability in child behavioral and emotional problems across time. Multilevel growth curves indicated significant fluctuations in intraindividual levels of these problems across time, which were not explained by child aging. Lower gestational age was associated with higher levels of anxious/depressed symptoms at age 2 years, which persisted through time. Severe forms of CHD were associated with a time-related decrease in three types of problems: attention, attention deficit and hyperactivity, and oppositional and defiant. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of parent-reported behavioral and emotional problems in children with CHD tend to persist from ages 2 to 5 years, suggesting the importance of early screening. However, unexplained intraindividual changes were also identified, highlighting the necessity to investigate other parental risk factors, for instance. Infants with a lower gestational age should be given special consideration since they continued to display more anxious/depressed symptoms up to school entry compared to children with CHD born at term. The decrease observed in some symptoms for children with severe CHD could result from altered parental perceptions or adverse effects of prolonged hospitalizations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".