Level of Pain and Its Impacts on the Quality of Life Among Patients of Knee Osteoarthritis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: A prevalent degenerative joint disease that predominantly affects the elderly but affects millions of individuals worldwide is osteoarthritis. One of the biggest contributors to chronic pain and disability in older persons is the most widespread knee osteoarthritis. Patients with knee osteoarthritis commonly experience symptoms such pain, stiffness, oedema, and limited ROM; these symptoms have a major effect on their quality of life. Objective: To find the level of pain and its impacts on the QOL among patients of knee osteoarthritis by using the visual analogue scale and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. Methodology: This 6-month, survey-based, cross-sectional study was conducted at Mayo and Services Hospitals using non-probability convenience sampling with a sample size of 187 patients over 35 with knee osteoarthritis for more than six months on pain medication were included; those mentally retarded, unwilling, or with metastatic arthritis were excluded. Data collected through the visual analogue scale and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index were analysed in SPSS-25 using Chi-square and Pearson tests, showing that pain significantly impacted quality of life in knee osteoarthritis patients. Results: Present study concluded that out of 187 patients of knee osteoarthritis 85 patients lied in score of WOMAC (73-96), 75 patients lied in score of WOMAC (49-72), 24 patients lied in score of WOMAC (25-48), 3 patients lied in score of WOMAC (1-24). Chi-square testing showed a positive relationship between pain and difficulty performing activities of daily living (physical component of quality of life), with a p-value of 0.00, and Pearson correlation was positive, R-value was 0.427, which showed there is a moderately strong relationship between pain and difficulty in activities (physical factors of quality of life). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between pain severity in knee osteoarthritis and its impact on a person’s quality of life. Greater difficulty in performing activities of daily living is associated with a poorer quality of life. Additionally, females are more prone to developing knee osteoarthritis and experience a greater impact on quality of life compared to males.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".