Additional Complexity in Historic and Contemporary Gene Flow Among Hoary, Vancouver Island, and Olympic Marmots Revealed by Microsatellites and Ultraconserved Elements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alpine species are inordinately threatened by habitat loss and precipitation changes resulting from climate change. In North America's Pacific Northwest (PNW), three closely related alpine mammal species-hoary, Olympic, and Vancouver Island marmots-may face greater negative impacts of climate change relative to species found at lower elevations. Phylogenetic studies have found these three species form a monophyletic complex; however, discordant evolutionary histories between mitochondrial and nuclear genes suggest that gene flow may have occurred between these marmot species. Furthermore, mitochondrial data find two reciprocally monophyletic mitochondrial clades (haploclades) of hoary marmots. Nuclear data do not recover this pattern, and interspecific relationships among the markers are not consistent. We used nine microsatellite loci and ultraconserved elements (UCEs) to explore patterns of nuclear gene flow among marmot species in the PNW. Analyses of microsatellite data indicate no current gene flow between hoary and Vancouver Island marmots or between hoary and Olympic marmots but do reveal nuclear gene flow among hoary marmot haploclades. Additionally, UCE data reveal historic gene flow between hoary and Vancouver Island marmots. Overall, our results suggest that historic mitochondrial introgression between hoary and Vancouver Island marmots, as well as male-biased dispersal, are driving mito-nuclear discordance in this species complex.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".