The effect of <i>Fusarium graminearum</i> 3-ADON and 15-ADON isolates on Fusarium head blight symptoms, Fusarium damaged kernels and mycotoxins production, in inoculated and field grown winter wheat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium spp., is a fungal disease affecting cereals and results in millions of dollars in losses in Canada. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the most concerning Fusarium mycotoxin. A common way to screen wheat cultivars for FHB resistance and DON production is by spray-inoculation with isolates of Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) in the field. The two main chemotypes of F. graminearum in Canada are 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON). The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate FHB symptoms, Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) and mycotoxins accumulation in winter wheat ‘Emmit’ and ‘25R40‘, after spray inoculation with 15-ADON and 3-ADON F. graminearum isolates in the field, (2) to investigate relationship among FHB related traits, (3) to evaluate FDK and DON ratio. 3-ADON isolates had significantly higher FHB index (77.9% vs. 71.4%), FDK level (52.4% vs. 45.8%), and DON accumulation (48.4 ppm vs. 38.7 ppm), compared with 15-ADON isolates in just one, out of four environments. Ratio between DON accumulation and FDK level was variable across the environments. Percentage of 3-ADON, of total DON concentration, was higher, after spray-inoculation with 3-ADON F. graminearum isolates, than percent of 15-ADON in total DON amount, after inoculation with15-ADON F. graminearum isolates. Correlation between FHB visual symptoms and FDK/DON level was high in years with higher values, but low or no significant when values were low. A significant difference among the isolates, within each chemotype group existed. A highly pathogenic isolates of 3-ADON and 15-ADON F. graminearum chemotypes are recommended for screening wheat.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".