Occupational Exposure to Engine Exhausts and Prostate Cancer Risk
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Some engine exhausts (EEs) have been classified as carcinogens and/or can have hormone-modulating properties that could play a role in prostate cancer development. OBJECTIVE: We investigated associations between lifetime occupational exposure to various EEs and prostate cancer risk, overall and for aggressive cancers. METHODS: In a population-based case-control study conducted in Montreal, Canada, 1,924 incident histologically-confirmed prostate cancer cases (436 aggressive) and 1,989 population controls were recruited. Socio-demographics, lifestyle factors and a detailed occupational history were collected during in-person interviews. Industrial hygienists conducted evaluations of intensity, frequency and reliability of exposure to EEs resulting from the combustion of several fuels (any diesel, light- and heavy-duty diesel, leaded and unleaded gasoline, propane and jet fuel) in each job held ≥ 2 years. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for exposure to each EE, in association with prostate cancer risk, adjusting for age and then for potential lifestyle and occupational confounders, accounting for a 5-year latency period. As most associations were not linear, we fitted functions for changes in percentile distributions based on natural cubic splines. RESULTS: There was no evidence of associations between exposure to the various EEs and overall prostate cancer. However, for high-grade cancers, based on the fully-adjusted model, a change from the 25th to the 75th percentile of the exposure distribution of any diesel EE yielded an OR of 1.24 (95%CI 0.96-1.61), and of 1.27 (95% CI 0.80-2.01) for a change from the 75th to the 95th percentile. These increases reflected exposure to diesel EE from light-duty vehicles, associated with similar ORs. For leaded gasoline EE, a change from the 75th to the 95th percentile resulted in an age-adjusted OR of 1.36 (95%CI 0.88-2.11), which was attenuated to 1.12 (95%CI 0.63-2.02) after full adjustment. There were no associations with EE from unleaded gasoline, diesel from heavy-duty vehicles, jet fuel and propane. CONCLUSION: There was suggestive evidence for a deleterious role of occupational exposure to EE resulting from the combustion of any diesel, light-duty diesel and from leaded gasoline in the development of aggressive prostate cancer. Results were independent from prostate cancer screening patterns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".