229E- and NL63-like coronaviruses in phyllostomid bats, Belize
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a diverse group of RNA viruses that infect a broad range of hosts, including many bat species. The emergence of several CoVs, specifically α-CoVs and β-coVs causing significant human and domestic animal diseases, has been linked to bats. Characterizing the evolutionary relationships and host associations of bat-borne CoVs is crucial for understanding and mitigating zoonotic risks. While most bat CoV research has focused on the Eastern Hemisphere, the diversity of CoVs in Neotropical bats remains relatively understudied. Here, we report novel and previously identified α-CoV diversity in three phyllostomid bats ( Desmodus rotundus , Carollia sowelli , and Sturnira parvidens ) in Belize. Our analysis targeting the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene revealed varying prevalence (22.22 - 36.36 %) across these species. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests strong similarity between two Neotropical bat α-CoV lineages and human CoVs (229E and NL63), illustrating new evolutionary relationships compared to prior bat α-CoVs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".