Climate Change in Jordan: A Case Study of Yarmouk Basin Using Statistical Downscaling Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study evaluates the impacts of climate change in the Yarmouk River Basin (YRB) using the Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) and observed data from six meteorological stations (1989-2017). The second-generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) was used to project climate scenarios under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) for the period 2018-2100, demonstrating strong performance in modeling the arid climate (R² = 0.87-0.996, RMSE = 0.478-1.829 for calibration; R² = 0.799-0.998, RMSE = 0.55-1.879 for validation). Projected maximum temperature increases across the basin range from 0.19 °C to 1.8 °C, while minimum temperature rises from 0.096 °C to 1.4 °C, depending on emission scenarios. Precipitation is expected to decline by 3% to 49%, with the most severe reductions under RCP8.5. Moreover, current climate observations indicate sharper temperature increases and precipitation declines than even RCP8.5 projections, signaling elevated risks of drought and water scarcity. The analysis of extreme events reveals substantial increases in heatwaves, notable declines in cold spells, and longer dry periods across all scenarios. Under RCP8.5, heatwave days may rise by up to 22, cold spells may drop by more than 24 days, and consecutive dry days could extend by over 65 days, suggesting intensified drought stress. A frequency analysis of the 12-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI-12) reveals relatively stable hydro-climatic conditions under RCP2.6, with a balanced distribution of dry and wet months and minimal extremes. Under RCP4.5, a modest shift toward drier conditions emerges, with slightly increased drought frequencies and minor extreme events. In contrast, RCP8.5 projects pronounced drying, with over 40% of months falling below SPI = -0.5 in Irbid and Al-Mafraq, and rising frequencies of both extreme drought and wet months in Samar. These progressive changes highlight the basin’s vulnerability to emission-driven climate impacts and underscore the urgent need for adaptation planning. The findings support the SDSM–CanESM2 framework as a robust tool for assessing climate risks and guiding mitigation strategies in arid and semi-arid regions
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".