Sustainable Synthesis of Polyurethane Using Hydroxyl‐Terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) Derived From the Degradation of Butadiene Rubber with Fatty Alcohol
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Polyurethane (PU) is one of the most commonly used plastics, typically synthesized from diisocyanates and polyols derived from non‐renewable or unsustainable sources. This study proposes a synthesis route for polyurethanes that originates from bio‐based polyols. The polyols were obtained through the metathesis depolymerization of butadiene rubber using fatty alcohol and Hoveyda‐Grubbs second‐generation catalyst (HG2), resulting in hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). FT‐IR and GPC analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of polyols, indicating molecular weights between 535 and 2200 g/mol. Three polyurethanes (PU1, PU2, and PU3) were synthesized using these bio‐based polyols, while a fourth polyurethane (PU0) was produced with polyethylene glycol as a standard polyol for comparative property analysis. FT‐IR analysis identified the characteristic signals and functional groups of the polyurethanes. TGA and DSC evaluated the thermal properties of the polyurethanes, revealing decomposition temperatures (T max ) between 300 and 450°C. PU materials were practically amorphous, as shown by XRD. SEM micrographs illustrated the varying morphologies of the polyurethanes, providing deeper insights into their properties. This synthesis process is vital for recycling rubber waste, transforming it into hydroxy‐terminated compounds, HTPB, or polyols using vegetable oils and renewable resources. When integrated into PU synthesis, these compounds promote the development of sustainable materials and significantly contribute to environmental conservation and the sustainable production of adhesives, paints, and coatings, among other valuable products.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".