Risk Factors for Postoperative Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis Following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to systematically evaluate the risk factors associated with the development of postoperative lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (LEDVT) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Comprehensive searches of Chinese and English databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang, were conducted from inception to December 12, 2024. Two researchers independently screened articles and extracted relevant data. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality criteria. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.3, applying a random-effects model to combine effect sizes, with subsequent sensitivity analyses and assessments for publication bias. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024629624). RESULTS: A total of 13 studies (n = 777,327) were included, comprising 8 case-control studies, 2 cohort studies, and 3 cross-sectional studies. Eleven significant risk factors for postoperative LEDVT were identified: advanced age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10-1.14), use of dehydrant (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.38-3.04), mechanical ventilation (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.01-1.02), elevated D-dimer level (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.11-1.27), polytrauma (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.29-2.03), hypertension (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07-1.15), surgical duration (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.06-2.42), elevated body mass index (OR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.16-1.45), deep venous catheterization (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.15-1.60), length of hospital stay (OR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.18-1.56), and blood transfusion (OR = 3.56, 95% CI: 1.91-6.63), with all P values <0.05. No statistically significant associations were observed for Glasgow Coma Scale score (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.98-1.28) or diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.97-1.07). CONCLUSIONS: Eleven variables were identified as significant risk factors for postoperative LEDVT among patients with sTBI. These findings underscore the importance of implementing individualized preventive strategies for patients identified as high risk.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.032 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.018 | 0.034 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".