Elucidating the effect of sintering time on the process-structure-property relationship of Inconel 625 produced by metal extrusion additive manufacturing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inconel 625 (IN625), a Ni-based superalloy valued for its strength and corrosion resistance, is known to suffer from microcracking during fusion-based additive manufacturing. Metal Extrusion Additive Manufacturing (MEAM) offers a solid-state alternative that eliminates solidification, thereby reducing the risk of microcracking. However, there is currently a lack of understanding between the interrelationship of process conditions, microstructure, and mechanical properties for IN625 produced by MEAM. This study investigates the influence of sintering time, 5 min (short time) versus 4 h (long time) at 1290 °C, on the densification, microstructure, and mechanical performance of MEAM-processed IN 625. The 4 h sintered sample achieved a higher relative density (99.5 %) compared to the 5 min sample (98.5 %), and both developed (Nb + Mo) rich carbides with distinct morphologies and volume fractions. Extended sintering reduced residual porosity, resulting in improved tensile strength and elongation. Fractographic analysis confirmed ductile failure via microvoid coalescence in both cases. These findings underscore the critical role of sintering duration in optimising density; despite developing microstructure characteristics that should degrade mechanical properties at longer sintering times, the mechanical properties of the 4 h sample were superior to those of the 5 min sample, revealing reduction of porosity to be the critical mechanism for maximising mechanical properties for this alloy and process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".