Gold Pendants in the Form of Lion Heads from the Burials of the Last Quarter of the 5th Century BC from the Necropoleis of the Taman Peninsula
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This paper focuses on the publication of gold pendants in the form of lion heads of the 5th century BC from the necropoleis of the Taman Peninsula. These pieces of jewellery belong to the most common type of gold pendants in the shape of animal heads, which are also represented by items in the form of bull and ram heads. The published pendants of all three groups are presented as a short catalogue in Appendices 1–3. They were widespread from Southern Italy and Sicily in the West, to Rhodes, Euboea, Macedonia, Thasos and Thrace, to Olbia and the Bosporan kingdom, as well as the Kuban region, in the East. The attention that is attracted by the finds from the Taman Peninsula is explained by the fact that they all come from excavations of necropoleis, from the burial complexes which can be reliably dated by the black-glazed pottery. Probably the earliest find is from the necropolis of Eretria, if the dating of the complex to the first quarter of the 5th century BC is correct. It is obvious that pendants in the form of bull and ram heads also appeared at the same time, judging by their use as elements of necklaces from the burials of the same cemetery. In the North Pontic region, the earliest sample in the form of a lion head is a find from grave No. 10/1913 of the necropolis of Olbia, which may date back to the second, or rather the third quarter of the 5th century BC. The pendants from the contexts of the Taman Peninsula, presented in the paper, can be dated to the last quarter of the same century and even to the turn of the 5th–4th centuries BC. In the late 5th century BC, such jewellery appeared in Tarentum, where they became widespread in the following century. On the whole, it is obvious that all pendants are to some extent individual and stylistic features do not allow us to speak of one or another center of their manufacture. Rather this can be evidenced by their findplaces, which show a fairly distinct concentration of pendants in Southern Italy, primarily in Tarentum, and in the North Pontic region, in Olbia, and especially in the Bosporan Kingdom.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".