Numerical investigation of engine position effects on contrail formation and evolution in the near-field of a realistic aircraft configuration
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present study investigates the impact of engine position on contrail formation and near-field evolution in a realistic three-dimensional aircraft configuration. Detailed numerical simulations are conducted using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach coupled with mesh adaptation techniques. A Eulerian microphysical model is used to characterize contrail ice crystal properties and their evolution under varying dilution conditions. The setup is based on a Boeing 777-like geometry, including fuselage, wings, engines, and tailplane. Two microphysical activation scenarios are considered: one incorporating adsorption-based ice nucleation and the other assuming fully activated soot particles. The latter for two soot number emission indices. The dilution process and wake structure exhibit a strong dependence on engine placement, which significantly influences plume saturation. In highly diluted configurations, enhanced early-stage mixing reduces plume temperature and increases relative humidity, favoring the growth of larger ice crystals. Depending on the soot number concentration, vapor depletion effects may outweigh dilution-driven changes in water vapor availability. In adsorption-limited activation scenarios, increased dilution reduces the concentration of sulfur species, leading to a lower activation fraction and the formation of smaller ice crystals. Additionally, across the scenarios, the modified jet-vortex interaction alters particle distribution and their access to water vapor, further shaping their growth. These effects ultimately impact the contrail's optical properties, particularly its optical thickness.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it