Do different size classes influence the absorption of microplastics? Evaluation in Donax hanleyanus R. A. Philippi, 1847 (Bivalvia: Donacidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pollution has become a major problem in terrestrial, atmospheric, and aquatic environments, especially in the oceans. MPs have been reported in various marine species through direct or indirect ingestion, affecting the ecological dynamics of these ecosystems. In this study, 20 specimens of Donax hanleyanus were collected for each of four size classes (0.5–1.5 cm; 1.5–2.5 cm; 2.5–3.5 cm; > 3.5 cm), totaling 160 individuals, from two sampling points in Vitória Bay, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Additionally, mesolittoral sediment samples were collected in triplicate at each sampling point. Deionized water was added to the sediment and the mixture was stirred. The supernatant was then filtered through a geological sieve, and the retained material was subsequently analyzed. MPs were classified by size, color, and type under a stereomicroscope. A total of 844 MPs were found, with 361 in bivalve tissues and 483 in sediment samples. Among the observed colors, black was the most abundant (44.59 % in tissue and 38.74 % in sediment), followed by blue, transparent, red, yellow, green, and purple. Although no significant difference was found in the amount of MPs among size classes, a positive correlation was observed between the quantity of MPs and organism size. This study reports, for the first time, the presence of MPs in D. hanleyanus , assesses contamination levels across different size classes and in sediments where the species occurs, and adds another marine invertebrate species to the list of organisms affected by plastic contamination in the marine environments, reinforcing the issue of plastic waste and the urgent need for regulatory measures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".