Reduced Flow Battery Capacity Fade from Mixed Redox-Active Organics Beyond the Rule of Mixtures
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aqueous organic redox flow batteries offer a sustainable approach to long-duration energy storage but suffer from molecular degradation. Here, we present a mixed redox-active strategy that stabilizes 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (DHAQ) by enabling in situ regeneration of redox-active species under standard operating conditions. By incorporating 0.1 M of 4,4′-((9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-diyl)dioxy)dibutyrate (DBEAQ) into a 0.1 M DHAQ electrolyte, the fade rate is reduced from 4.7% to 0.9% per day, a 62% decrease relative to the 2.35%/day expected from a noninteracting mixture. Increasing DBEAQ concentration to 0.2 M further lowers fade to 0.43% per day, representing a 73% reduction relative to the expected value of 1.57%. Electrochemical and NMR data show that regeneration occurs via chemical oxidation of anthrone to a dimer, followed by electrochemical reoxidation to DHAQ. This approach is not limited to DBEAQ, suggesting broad applicability to other anthraquinones. The underlying regeneration mechanism offers a general framework for improving electrolyte stability in organic redox flow batteries.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it