Molecular Detection, Sequencing, and Expression Analysis of ALS Genes in Clinical Candida spp. Isolates with Antifungal Resistance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The agglutinin-like sequence (ALS) family is crucial for Candida spp., particularly C. albicans, as it aids in adhesion to biotic and abiotic membranes and formation of virulence factors.This study was conducted to identify and measure the expression levels of ALS genes in Candida species isolates from clinical specimens.A total of 276 clinical samples (vaginal, oral, and blood) were obtained.The isolates were characterized, genetic material extracted, ALS genes detected, nucleotide sequence determined, and gene expression measured after antifungal treatment of oral and vaginal isolates.The study found a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) among the number of isolates; 135 (48.91%)Candida positive isolates, with C. albicans being the most common species.Also, 15% of isolates were resistant to nystatin.Most Candida species had ALS genes, except for C. kefyr and C. lusitaniae, which were not detected.The gene expression analysis before and after treatment with fluconazole and nystatin revealed that C. albicans isolates from the mouth had higher gene expression than vaginal isolates, with gene expression reaching 92.82 and 17.52, respectively, for the two antifungal agents, making them resistant to antifungals.The ALS1 gene expression was highly elevated in antifungalresistant isolates, while it was reduced in susceptible isolates.The study's findings highlight the prevalence of ALS genes in Candida species and could be used as a marker of drug resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".