Precarious Status Families’ Access to Early Childhood Services in a Sanctuary City: The Case of Toronto, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Canada is signatory to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which proclaims that all children, regardless of family legal status, are entitled to basic public services. Many migrant families, however, cannot access such services. We analyse systematic exclusions faced by precarious status families (PSFs). These include at least one member, parent or child, without permanent immigration status. In this literature review, we examine such exclusionary processes in Toronto, where the Access TO policy aims to promote access without fear of deportation. Our main questions are: What are the effects on PSFs of this tension between universal versus limited rights? How does this tension affect actual access to services for children in PSFs? Focusing on childbirth, childcare, and parenting programmes, we found that, despite access goals, in practice, children are often deprived of services because of their parents’ status. We discuss reasons for shortcomings in actual access.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".