Selenomethionine-induced neurotoxicity and behavioural alterations in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Selenium (Se) plays a crucial role in fishes, but even a slight increase beyond physiological levels can make it highly toxic. In contaminated environments, fishes primarily accumulate Se as selenomethionine (SeMet). While pernicious effects of SeMet in adult fishes are well-documented, its embryotoxicity, beyond teratogenic outcomes, are underexplored. In current study, 2 h post fertilized (hpf) zebrafish embryos were subjected to waterborne Se at sub-lethal concentrations (0 [control], 5, 10, and 25 µg/L; as SeMet) until 5 days post-fertilization (dpf). Results revealed that SeMet exposure at 10 and 25 µg/L significantly increased larval mortality and deformity rates compared to the control group. Moreover, SeMet exposure (5 and 10 µg/L Se) impaired thigmotactic and reflexive behaviours at 5 dpf. Embryonic SeMet exposure also resulted in an escalation in reactive oxygen species levels and apoptosis with elevating concentration, along with dysregulation of proteins and genes related to nervous system development including dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic signaling pathways at 5 dpf. Interestingly, pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, resulted in amelioration of SeMet-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, molecular and behavioural deficits, suggesting that oxidative stress is an initiating mediator in triggering neurobehavioural impairments in larval zebrafish. Overall, this study highlights that neurobehavioural responses are more sensitive to SeMet than its teratogenic effects in larval zebrafish, thus providing novel perspectives on the developmental toxicity of Se in fish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".