Pressure‐Retarded Osmosis for Blue Energy Generation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) emerges as a technology by leveraging osmotic energy, harnessing the salinity gradient between lower- and higher-salinity solutions for the sustainable generation of blue energy. Beyond desalination and wastewater treatment, PRO has the potential to generate renewable energy, providing an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional energy sources. The operational basis of PRO originates from the osmotic process, by which water goes from a low-salinity side toward a high-salinity side across a semi-permeable membrane creating hydraulic pressure which can be transformed to mechanical energy by a turbine, thus producing electricity. The PRO system's efficiency is highly reliant on the membrane, which should have selectivity, high permeability of water, and stability under elevated pressures. Recently, the feasibility and performance of large-scale PRO systems have significantly enhanced advancements due to the progress in membrane technology, similar to the progress in advanced thin-film composite (TFC) membranes. Membrane-based desalination processes are advancing rapidly, with ongoing research focused on the optimization of separating techniques and development of the novel membranes that can be used across various domains. Membrane technology has the potential for sustainable management of the planet's water resources, especially in regions suffering from severe water scarcity. The environmental advantages of PRO are considerable since it does not produce greenhouse gases or other pollutants, providing a low-impact method of energy generation. In addition, it can be merged with current desalination plants to improve the recovery of energy and further enhance the sustainability of water management practices, contributing to a sustainable energy portfolio. However, there remain challenges including the optimization of membrane performance and durability, the fouling mitigation, and the economic viability achievement by employing cost-effective materials and processes. Therefore, understanding the full potential of PRO for energy generation needs continuous advancements in membrane technology and system optimization, creating opportunities for a sustainable and clean energy future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".