Long-term Dietary Fat Intervention Affects Retinal Health in APOE Mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The APOE genotype influences metabolic and neurodegenerative outcomes, with APOE4 carriers at higher risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and metabolic dysfunction. This study examines how long-term dietary interventions affect systemic metabolism, retinal structure/ function in APOE3 -knock-in (KI, neutral for AD) and APOE4 -KI mice. Humanized APOE3 and APOE4 -KI mice received either a control diet (CD) or a Western diet (WD) for 2, 6, or 12 months. Body weight, glucose metabolism, lipid profiles, retinal structure, function, vasculature, visual performance, and inflammatory markers were analyzed. WD induced early glucose intolerance in APOE4 mice (2 months); APOE3 mice showed impairment only after prolonged exposure (6-12 months). Notably, WD-fed APOE3 mice exhibited more pronounced hyperlipidemia than APOE4 mice. APOE4 CD mice displayed early retinal thinning (6 months), while APOE4 WD mice initially exhibited retinal swelling, followed by degeneration (12 months). WD exacerbated retinal vascular dysfunction in APOE4 mice, with increased tortuosity and reduced vascular area. Elevated Il1b expression in WD-fed APOE4 mice confirmed inflammation-associated retinal dysfunction. APOE4 mice showed heightened vulnerability to diet, with WD worsening metabolic, retinal, and vascular impairments. While CD improved glucose metabolism, it did not prevent retinal dysfunction. These findings underscore genotype-specific dietary strategies to mitigate APOE4 -associated risks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".