Grandparental Involvement and Young Children’s Social-emotional Adaptation: A Longitudinal Study in China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Grandparents play a central role in early childcare in China, yet the potential drawbacks of their involvement remain understudied. This three-year longitudinal study aimed to examine the effects of grandparental involvement on young children's social-emotional adjustment and explored the mediating roles of children’s temperament and their attachment to parents. With the cooperation of a kindergarten in Shanghai, 130 parents completed a questionnaire survey once a year for three years (from grades 1 to 3). The questionnaire involved demographic information about the three generations, types of early childcare (categorized as full parental care, co-care, and full grandparental care), parent-child attachment (anxious-ambivalent attachment, AA), children’s characteristics (Sociability, Irritability) and social-emotional adaptation (using the SDQ, Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire). The results indicated that grandparental involvement had a significant positive correlation with AA/Irritability, especially for boys. Furthermore, the path model suggested that grandparental involvement in the early stage had an indirect effect on the children’s later social-emotional adaptation via AA and Irritability. Especially, parent-child attachment showed a significant mediating effect between grandparental involvement and children’s adaptation. The findings suggest that young parents should recognize the potential demerits brought by grandparental involvement so that they can make use of the advantages and avoid the demerits of grandparenting in childcare.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".