Intelligence and language outcomes in school-aged children who are HIV-exposed, uninfected: the role of sex, perinatal risk factors, and socioeconomic status
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Children who are HIV-exposed uninfected (CHEU) are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental impairments. Most studies report on neurodevelopmental outcomes in the first 2 years of life, with limited data available for school-aged CHEU. This interim study examined the intellectual and language outcomes in school-aged CHEU compared to children who are HIV-unexposed uninfected (CHUU). Setting: CHEU and CHUU aged 6-10 years recruited at two sites in Ontario, Canada. Methods: Intellectual and language abilities were measured using the WISC-V and CELF-5. Generalized linear models investigated associations of HEU-status with each neurodevelopmental outcome. An interaction term with sex was included to assess sex-specific effects. Gestational age, being small for gestational age (SGA), and household income were investigated as covariates. Results: 65 CHEU (35 female, median age 9.00 years) and 42 CHUU (18 female, 8.96 years) were included. HEU-status was associated with significantly lower working memory and expressive language scores. In males, HEU-status was associated with lower scores on working memory, processing speed, overall intelligence, core, and expressive language abilities. No significant differences were observed in females by HEU-status. Household income was associated with all measures of intelligence and language. Lower working memory scores persisted in male CHEU after adjusting for covariates. Conclusion: Male CHEU and those with lower household income were the most vulnerable to cognitive and language deficits. Working memory deficits in CHEU indicates a specific cognitive vulnerability due to HEU exposure status. Our findings highlight the need for early interventions, including ensuring financial security and close neuropsychological follow-up.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".