Evaluation of Bacillus subtilis ATCC PTA-122264 on the fecal characteristics and microbiota of healthy adult dogs subjected to an abrupt diet change
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abrupt dietary transitions are common in pets, but can lead to digestive disturbances, altered gut microbiota composition, and impaired intestinal integrity. The consumption of live microorganisms may have potential to mitigate these effects by stabilizing the gut microbiota and enhancing intestinal functionality. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis ATCC PTA-122264 supplementation on fecal characteristics, microbiota composition, and dysbiosis index of dogs undergoing an abrupt dietary change. Twelve healthy adult spayed female beagle dogs (6.0 ± 1.14 yr; 8.7 ± 0.91 kg body weight) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. In each experimental period, dogs were allotted to one of three treatments and fed a high-fiber kibble diet for 28 d: (1) 250 mg/d of maltodextrin (control), (2) 1 × 10 9 colony-forming units (CFU)/d of B. subtilis , or (3) 5 × 10 9 CFU/d of B. subtilis . All dogs were then abruptly transitioned to a high-protein, high-fat canned diet and fed for 14 d. Fresh fecal samples were collected before (d 0) and 2, 6, 10, and 14 d after the diet change for fecal scoring, pH, dry matter (DM) content, and microbiota analysis. Data were statistically analyzed to identify differences due to treatment, time, and treatment*time interactions, with p < 0.05 accepted as being significant. Diet change did not impact fecal pH or scores but reduced fecal DM percentage and bacterial alpha diversity measures. Bacterial beta diversity analysis revealed a distinct shift in the microbial community following the diet transition. Diet change reduced ( p < 0.05) the abundances of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria and increased ( p < 0.05) the relative abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria, resulting in an elevated ( p < 0.05) dysbiosis index. B. subtilis supplementation did not attenuate the microbial shifts caused by the diet transition. These findings confirm that an abrupt diet change significantly impacts some stool characteristics and fecal microbiota populations of dogs. Further investigation of Bacillus spp. strains and dosages is required to determine the potential benefits that they may provide during dietary transition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".