Ionomer-free electrodes in PEM water electrolyzers: a critical review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Achieving large-scale production of clean hydrogen, which emits zero local-carbon emissions when powered by renewables, is a prerequisite to advance the hydrogen economy and to delay the escalating global temperatures. While proton-exchange-membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs) are projected to play a vital role for the market, the technology still encounters challenges associated with cost and scale-up. One viable approach is to reduce the amount of platinum-group-metal usage in the PEMWE. Recent studies have introduced novel electrode designs that eliminate ionomer layers (polymeric layers that conduct protons) while maintaining high performance at low iridium loadings. These ionomer-free electrode designs not only feature high performance but also enable facile fabrication processes and reuse of iridium after long-term operation, significantly contributing to cost reduction. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the ionomer-free electrodes for PEMWE, exploring its benefits, operation principles, and designs that have been studied in the literature to enhance catalytic activity and prolong durability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".