Bmal1 expression is minimal or absent in human and mouse cerebral microglia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Microglia orchestrate immunological responses in the brain and play an important role in maintaining homeostatic brain functions. Several studies have reported clock gene expression in microglia and the circadian rhythm they drive has been linked to the modulation of immune responses and neuronal functions. In the current study, complementary approaches, including immunofluorescence, multiplexed fluorescence in situ hybridization, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry proteomics of isolated CD11b + microglia, were combined with publicly available transcriptomic and epigenomic datasets to investigate the expression of the core clock gene BMAL1 in human post-mortem cortical and limbic areas as well as mouse brain. The majority of BMAL1 -expressing cells were found to be neurons, with microglia representing a negligeable proportion. We also identified significantly lower chromatin accessibility or “openness” for BMAL1 gene regulatory regions (such as promoters and enhancers) in microglia compared to neurons. These regulatory regions in microglia were enriched for ETS domain transcription factor (TF) binding sites. Together, this suggests a strong role of chromatin remodeling factors in suppressing BMAL1 gene expression in microglia. Finally, while we observed a very low expression, BMAL1 TF motifs were accessible in open chromatin landscape of microglia, which may lead to downstream gene-regulatory effects upon binding, even if BMAL1 expression is constitutively low. Overall, our results reveal low or absent expression of BMAL1 in microglia and point towards potential epigenetic mechanisms regulating its expression in these cells.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".