Influence of organic waste amendments on uptake of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances from soil to crops: Insights from long-term field experiments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PFAS in plants suggests a possible inhibition of PFAS uptake by crops as soil organic matter increases. The dominant PFAS in plant samples included perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA: 0.10-2.2 μg/kg), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA: 0.02-0.66 μg/kg), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS: 0.01-0.48 μg/kg), accounting for 64-80 % (PFBA), 14-16 % (PFOA) and 6-13 % (PFOS) of the total PFAS, with bioaccumulation factors higher than unity for PFBA and lower than unity for PFOS and PFOA. Bioaccumulation factors were significantly higher in young leaves than in grains, implying limited PFAS transfer to the edible plant tissues of maize and wheat. With the recent lower reference doses (RfD) recommended by the USEPA (2021-2024), the consumption of grains in this study can pose significant risks to humans; however, considering the RfD from EFSA, these crops are safe for human consumption.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".