Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study of processes leading to the militarization of landscapes is a rapidly expanding field of research. While certain themes, such as the impact of conflicts on landscape transformation, have received significant attention, others remain comparatively under-examined. Specifically, the environmental consequences of military training activities on inland freshwater ecosystems in the context of war preparedness have been largely overlooked by historians. This topic, however, falls within the dimension of militarized landscapes, encompassing lakescapes and the related environmental processes that undergo transformation due to conflict preparation. This article aims to address this gap by exploring a specific typology of underwater munitions sites: former military training targets and ranges located within inland freshwater bodies, with a particular focus on Lake Michigan in the United States and Lake Neuchâtel in Switzerland. By contextualizing these sites within a historical framework and examining their commonalities and differences in training practices, this interdisciplinary research will discuss the current management-or lack thereof-of this military legacy resting at the bottom of the lakes. The aim of this research is to highlight how lakescapes have been transformed by military training and how such practices have environmentally impacted inland freshwater bodies. This study finds that these military activities were not concealed from the public, that they have environmental consequences, and that they consistently receive less attention than terrestrial sites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".