Development of an aqueous xanthan-guar gum spray solution suitable for mechanised release of <i>Trichogramma ostriniae</i> (Hymenoptera: Trichogramma) parasitised host eggs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In sweet corn crops, large fields must be protected against its main pest: Ostrinia nubilalis. In this context, an innovative spraying approach allowing the introduction of Trichogramma has been developed. However, its efficacy is highly dependent on the quality of its spraying solution. This study investigated the concentrations and the ratios between xanthan and guar gums that will generate adequate viscosity for the suspension of T. ostriniae parasitised host eggs under the temperature and stress conditions intrinsic to the spraying method to ultimately limit the total quantity of gums. Laboratory drip tests allowed exploring the improvement in rainfastness of the spray solution mixed with adjuvants (locust bean gum, molasses, skimmed milk, and bentonite). Finally, the emergence rate of T. ostriniae mixed in the xanthan-guar gum solutions with the most promising adjuvants was investigated. Major finding was that droplet size affected the most the emergence rate as volumes of 0.1 to 1 mL were detrimental to the survival of Trichogramma. Moreover, the drip test revealed that solution 11 (0.15%, 3:1) with bentonite at 4 g/L highly improved the rainfastness while 2 g/L of bentonite resulted in a better emergence with a reduction of 11.94% compared to the control treatment. This research has therefore established the favourable criteria for the spraying solution of Trichogramma parasitised host eggs and recommends the use of an injection system combining high xanthan-guar gum concentration for parasitised host eggs suspension, 4 g/L (1:1), and diluted xanthan-guar gum concentration, 1.5 g/L (1:1), during spraying to improve the Trichogramma spraying technique.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".