Understanding the Understory Plant Community’s Response During a Spruce Budworm Outbreak in the Northeastern Boreal Forest of Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract By causing widespread tree mortality, spruce budworm outbreaks significantly affect the structural and functional dynamics of northeastern boreal forests. This study examined the understory plant community’s response during the 2005–2020 outbreak in the northeastern boreal forest of Canada. Using a trait-based approach, we analyzed functional diversity, dominance, and resilience across fir-dominated, mixed, and spruce-dominated stands. Results revealed an increase in functional diversity and a decrease in Simpson dominance, particularly in fir-dominated and mixed stands. Changes in soil fertility, light availability, and tree basal area, driven by defoliation and tree mortality, were identified as key factors influencing understory vegetation. Trait shifts, especially the increase in shade-tolerant, mesic, and medium nutrient species and the decline of hydric water preferences and non-vascular growth form, reflected niche-based selection processes under altered conditions. However, the variability in trait distributions and species turnover across stand types also pointed to the role of neutral processes, such as stochastic colonization and dispersal limitation. Functional redundancy varied across stand types, with fir-dominated stands showing greater resilience, likely due to higher trait plasticity and pre-disturbance composition. These findings highlight the complex interplay between niche-driven and stochastic mechanisms in shaping understory dynamics and provide insights for sustainable forest management during and after spruce budworm outbreaks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".