Settling of U-shaped rods at low Reynolds numbers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The low Reynolds number settling of U-shaped and straight rods in a quiescent fluid was experimentally investigated in this study. It was shown that the U-shaped rods adopt an oblique orientation and horizontal drift at Reynolds numbers above a critical value and middle arm length ratios below a critical value. Due to the non-zero inclination angle of a U-shaped rod, it consistently settles faster than a straight rod with the same diameter and aspect ratio. The vertical component of the U-shaped rod terminal velocity reaches a maximum at an intermediate value of aspect ratio and middle arm length ratio or remains nearly constant as these geometric parameters change, indicating a trade-off between the length and orientation of the side arms. Furthermore, the horizontal velocity ratio of a U-shaped rod is strongly correlated with the inclination angle, either increasing or remaining constant with an increase in aspect ratio, depending on the Reynolds number. Finally, a new model for the vertical component of a U-shaped rod terminal velocity was developed using the experimental results of this study.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".