A triaxial in-situ stress measurement system for investigating radial variability of the vertical-to-lateral pressure ratio in grain silos
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Accurately measuring the three-dimensional stress state within bulk granular materials remains a significant challenge in instrumentation, limiting the validation and improvement of predictive models for bulk solid structures, such as grain silos. In this study, we introduce a novel triaxial pressure sensor for in-situ measurements in grain silos. This work aims to measure vertical and radial pressure distributions in bulk solids. The sensor was developed to allow for potential refinement and validation of mathematical models, focusing on the coefficient of vertical-to-lateral pressure ratio ( k ). We cover the design, calibration, and initial application of the sensor in a large-scale grain silo experimental setup. The sensor consisted of three orthogonal piston-style pressure cells housed in a 3D-printed spherical shell, with an estimated accuracy of ± 0.35 kPa. Initial experimental measurements were obtained using the sensors placed in soft red winter wheat (13.5% moisture content) within a silo measuring 1.8 m in diameter and 6 m in height. Our preliminary data indicated differences in pressure readings at different radial positions, with calculated k -values of 0.23 near the wall, 0.17 at mid-radius, and 0.37 at the centre. While these observations suggest potential variations in k across the silo radius, additional experimental runs would be necessary to establish statistical reliability. The data were fit to Janssen’s model by exploring the parameter space of the material properties ( μ , ϕ , R ). This sensor technology represents an advancement in measurement capability that could potentially contribute to more accurate mathematical models for bulk solid storage management in the future. • Developed a novel triaxial pressure sensor for measuring vertical and radial pressures in grain silos. • Sensor achieves ±0.35 kPa accuracy using three orthogonal pressure cells in a spherical housing. • Preliminary experimental data reveal radial variation in vertical-to-lateral pressure ratio (k). • Results indicate the need for refined mathematical models incorporating radial variation of properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".