Ultraprocessed Grains and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Results From the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Ultraprocessed grains, commonly consumed in Western diets, undergo refining processes that often remove beneficial components and include additives to enhance taste, texture, or durability, potentially influencing gastrointestinal health. This study examines the association between ultraprocessed grain consumption and the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using data from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. METHODS: This analysis included 124,590 participants from 21 countries who had dietary data available in the PURE study. Dietary intake was assessed through validated food frequency questionnaires, and ultraprocessed grain intake was categorized into 3 levels. The primary outcome was the development of IBD, including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs), adjusting for confounders including age, sex, smoking status, eating habits, and physical activity. RESULTS: Among 124,590 participants, higher ultraprocessed grain intake was associated with increased IBD risk. Participants consuming ≥19 g/d of ultraprocessed grains had a higher risk of developing IBD compared with those consuming <9 g/d (hazard ratio [HR] 1.86, 95% confidence interval 1.26-2.61, Ptrend = 0.0003) after multivariate adjustment. Fresh bread and rice consumption were associated with lower IBD risk. Participants with greater ultraprocessed food intake (≥5 servings per day) were linked to a higher risk of developing IBD compared with those consuming <1 serving per day (HR 3.95, 95% confidence interval 2.74-5.71, Ptrend < 0.0001). DISCUSSION: Higher intake of ultraprocessed grains is associated with significantly increased risk of developing IBD. A healthy eating pattern should minimize consumption of ultraprocessed grains. Further studies should be performed to understand which components of ultraprocessed grains may be detrimental for health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".