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Record W4412930816 · doi:10.1016/j.clay.2025.107950

Reactivity assessment of calcined illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite in R3 mixtures

2025· article· en· W4412930816 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.

Bibliographic record

VenueApplied Clay Science · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEngineering
TopicConcrete and Cement Materials Research
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
KeywordsMontmorilloniteIlliteKaoliniteClay mineralsCalcinationReactivity (psychology)GeochemistryGeologyMineralogyChemistryOrganic chemistryCatalysis

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This study evaluates the pozzolanic reactivity of calcined illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite using the more recently standardized rapid, relevant, and reliable (R 3 ) test methods as specified in ASTM C1897. The reactions involving calcite and the calcined clay minerals were examined by comparing the cumulative heat release in the R 3 mixtures with and without calcite, and by analyzing the hydrated R 3 mixtures using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the R 3 reactivity of calcined clay minerals exhibits a positive linear relationship with the number of hydroxyl groups present in their original mineral structures. Strong correlations were observed among cumulative heat release, bound water content, and dehydroxylation mass loss of clay minerals. This suggests that the dehydroxylation mass loss can be used as an indicator for the initial screening of potential clay sources for use as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). However, the optimal calcination temperatures for illite and montmorillonite do not fall within their dehydroxylation temperature ranges. While calcite has a limited impact on the cumulative heat release, it facilitates the formation of monocarbonate (C 4 A C ¯ H 11 ) and enhances its uniform distribution in the calcined kaolinite R 3 mixture. In comparison, the reactions involving calcite with calcined illite and montmorillonite in their R 3 mixtures are limited.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Bench or experimental · Consensus signal: Bench or experimental
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.240
Threshold uncertainty score0.307

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.010
GPT teacher head0.300
Teacher spread0.290 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it