Harnessing the Interfacial Activity of Soluble Faba Protein-Tannic Acid Conjugates for Enhanced Lipid Oxidative Stability of Oil-in-Water Emulsions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT In oil‐in‐water emulsions, lipid oxidation begins at the interface between the two phases. One strategy to slow down this process is to place antioxidants at the interface, where they can directly block oxidative reactions. This study explored that idea by conjugating soluble faba bean protein with tannic acid using the free‐radical grafting method. The conjugate improved the surface activity and showed a more compact structure at the interface than the protein. The resultant conjugate (containing 1 wt% protein) was used to prepare a 5 wt% canola oil‐in‐water emulsion at pH 3.0. The conjugate‐stabilized emulsions displayed a d 4,3 of 560 nm, a zeta potential of 38.6 mV, and an accelerated creaming velocity of 348.5 μm/min at 2100 g. Environmental stability was assessed under varying NaCl concentrations, a freeze–thaw cycle, heat treatment (90°C for 30 min), and a combined heat‐salt treatment over 28 days. The emulsions were stable to a freeze–thaw cycle and heat treatment, while salt addition led to extensive droplet aggregation. Autofluorescence confocal microscopy confirmed the presence of tannic acid at the oil droplet surface. Measurement of peroxide and p‐anisidine values underscored the pivotal role of interfacial tannic acid in retarding lipid oxidation. After 28 days of storage at 60°C, the conjugate emulsion's p‐anisidine values were notably lower than those of the protein emulsions, affirming the enhanced oxidative stability provided by the interfacial polyphenol. These findings confirmed the potential of protein‐polyphenol conjugates to improve the lipid oxidation stability of emulsions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".