FORMATION OF BORDERS BETWEEN RUSSIA, GREAT BRITAIN, AND THE USA IN THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN AT THE END OF THE 18TH –FIRST QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURIES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article is devoted to the history of border formation in the North Pacific Ocean from the end of the 18th to the first quarter of the 19th centuries. This period is characterized by the struggle between great powers for control of territories in North America. The main rivals were Russia, Spain, and Great Britain. In 1799, Russia unilaterally announced its claims. Great Britain and Spain were unable to object due to preoccupation with European affairs. The following decades saw a significant weakening of Spain as a colonial power. Revolutions began in its colonies, leading to the formation of independent states, including Mexico. Russia was unable to fully exploit the resulting situation. Meanwhile, Spain was replaced by the United States of America. American citizens began to actively engage in trade and entrepreneurship in the North Pacific. In the early 1820s, a new round of confrontation occurred, this time between Russia, Great Britain, and the USA. Russia was again first to assert its claims, announcing the expansion of its possessions southward. This time, rivals responded: Russian-American and Anglo-Russian negotiations commenced. The Russian government was forced to make concessions. Consequently, conventions definitively establishing the boundaries of the powers' possessions in the region were concluded in 1824 and 1825 between Russia, Great Britain, and the United States.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".