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FORMATION OF BORDERS BETWEEN RUSSIA, GREAT BRITAIN, AND THE USA IN THE NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN AT THE END OF THE 18TH –FIRST QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURIES

2025· article· en· W4412950728 on OpenAlex
A. Yu. Petrov, А. Н. Ермолаев

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueВестник Пермского университета История · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicArctic and Russian Policy Studies
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersRussian Academy of SciencesRussian Science Foundation
KeywordsQuarter (Canadian coin)Late 19th centuryHistoryEconomic historyAncient historyPeriod (music)ArchaeologyArt

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The article is devoted to the history of border formation in the North Pacific Ocean from the end of the 18th to the first quarter of the 19th centuries. This period is characterized by the struggle between great powers for control of territories in North America. The main rivals were Russia, Spain, and Great Britain. In 1799, Russia unilaterally announced its claims. Great Britain and Spain were unable to object due to preoccupation with European affairs. The following decades saw a significant weakening of Spain as a colonial power. Revolutions began in its colonies, leading to the formation of independent states, including Mexico. Russia was unable to fully exploit the resulting situation. Meanwhile, Spain was replaced by the United States of America. American citizens began to actively engage in trade and entrepreneurship in the North Pacific. In the early 1820s, a new round of confrontation occurred, this time between Russia, Great Britain, and the USA. Russia was again first to assert its claims, announcing the expansion of its possessions southward. This time, rivals responded: Russian-American and Anglo-Russian negotiations commenced. The Russian government was forced to make concessions. Consequently, conventions definitively establishing the boundaries of the powers' possessions in the region were concluded in 1824 and 1825 between Russia, Great Britain, and the United States.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesScience and technology studies
Consensus categoriesScience and technology studies
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.176
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0020.006
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.012
GPT teacher head0.267
Teacher spread0.256 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it