Antagonistic effect of increasing dietary zinc on the efficiency of microbial phytase on calcium, phosphorus, and zinc digestibility and status in pigs: a meta-analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dietary zinc (Zn), phytate, calcium (Ca), and microbial phytase (PhytM) interact in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, which determines the utilization of phosphorus (P), Ca, and Zn. Previous studies have assessed the impact of Zn and PhytM on Zn status by measuring apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Zn and plasma Zn concentration in pigs, and some of these studies also measured P and Ca ATTD. The objectives of this meta-analysis were to quantify the effect of Zn, PhytM and their interactions on (1) digestible P and Ca content (g/kg diet) and (2) digestible Zn and Zn ATTD (%) and plasma Zn status. To investigate these objectives, an exhaustive literature search was made to create two sub-databases: (1) Ca-P database containing 52 treatments, from postweaning pigs and using pharmacological Zn doses (> 1 000 mg Zn/kg), and (2) Zn database of studies from postweaning and grower pigs with dietary Zn concentration < 250 mg/kg, containing 71 treatments on Zn ATTD and 50 treatments on plasma Zn concentration. Using the Ca-P database, mixed-effects models showed that increasing dietary Zn concentration decreased digestible P (P < 0.001) and tended to increase digestible Ca (P = 0.083) concentrations. It also reduced the positive effect of PhytM on digestible P (Zn × PhytM interaction, P < 0.01) and digestible Ca (Zn × PhytM interaction, P < 0.01). Studies within the Zn database showed that increasing dietary Zn content increased digestible Zn with a linear positive (P < 0.001) and quadratic negative component (P = 0.08) but increasing dietary Zn concentration decreased the positive effect of PhytM on digestible Zn (Interaction Zn × PhytM; P < 0.001). Dietary Zn (P < 0.001) and PhytM (P < 0.001) improved plasma Zn concentration; however, the response to PhytM was dependent on the dietary Zn level (Interaction Zn × PhytM; P < 0.001), highlighting the homeostatic regulation response of the animal. In conclusion, pharmacological dietary Zn supply (> 1 000 mg Zn/kg) to postweaning pigs decreased the ATTD of P and Ca. Moreover, the positive effect of PhytM on the digestible content of Zn, P, and Ca as well as on plasma Zn, was dependent on dietary Zn concentration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.013 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.012 | 0.045 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".