Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis of aromatic naphtha surrogates diffusing from bitumen to the aqueous phase of oil sands tailings
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A cheap, reliable, rapid fluorescence spectroscopy method was developed to determine the partitioning of naphtha surrogates, o-xylene and 1-methyl naphthalene (1-MN), from bitumen to the aqueous phase in mature fine tailings (MFT) in oil sand tailing ponds (OSTPs). The method gave reproducible results when volatilization of the surrogates was minimized by using a co-solvent (20 % (vol/vol) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methanol), by reducing sample exposure to open air and by analyzing samples within 6 days of preparation. It was found that the overlap of the fluorescence spectra of both surrogates with water-soluble bitumen compounds increased with contact time of bitumen; while the presence of salts found in MFT decreased the fluorescence response of 1-MN but not o-xylene; and there was interference between surrogates at certain mass ratios. However, with appropriate controls, quantification of low concentrations of naphtha surrogates diffusing from bitumen to an aqueous phase under a variety of pond conditions and bitumen characteristics were achieved. Such experiments can be used to study what factors can affect the diffusion of bitumen-solubilized components across the oil-water interface and can be broadly applied to any biphasic system. This knowledge will contribute to our fundamental understanding of the fate of these components and can influence the development of strategies to mitigate or minimize their environmental impact.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".