Systematic framework for deep learning-based predictive injection control with Bayesian hyperparameter optimization for a hydrogen/diesel dual-fuel engine
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Climate change and global warming concerns promote interest in alternative fuels, especially zero-carbon fuels like hydrogen. Modifying existing combustion engines for dual-fuel operation can decrease emissions of vehicles that are already on the road. The procedure of a deep learning-based model predictive control as a machine learning implementation, practical for complex nonlinear systems with input and state constraints, has been developed and tested on a hydrogen/diesel dual-fuel (HDDF) engine application. A nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) utilizing a deep neural network (DNN) process model is proposed to control the injected hydrogen and diesel. This DNN model has eight inputs and four outputs and has a short computational time compared to the physics-based model. The architecture and hyperparameters of the DNN model of the HDDF process are optimized through a two-stage Bayesian optimization to achieve high accuracy while minimizing the complexity of the model described. The final DNN architecture has two hidden layers with 31 and 23 neurons. A modified engine capable of HDDF operation is compared to standard diesel operation to evaluate the engine performance and emissions. During experimental engine testing, the controller required an average computational time of 2 ms per cycle on a low-cost processor, satisfying the real-time requirements, and was faster than recurrent networks. The control performance of the DNN-NMPC for the HDDF engine showed a mean absolute error of 0.19 bar in load tracking while maximizing average hydrogen energy share (68%) and reducing emissions. Specifically, the particulate matter emissions decrease by 87% compared to diesel operation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it