Changing prevalence and risk factors for <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> seropositivity and disease in persons with <scp>HIV</scp> at the Southern Alberta Clinic since 1985
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objective Evaluate prevalence, risk factors and outcomes of T. gondii infection and T. gondii disease among people with HIV living in southern Alberta over 37 years. Methods People with HIV age ≥18 years accessing care at the Southern Alberta Clinic (SAC) (Calgary, Alberta, Canada) between 01/1/1985 and 30/06/2022 with baseline T. gondii serology were included. Poisson regression models with robust variance (approximating log binomial models) estimated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals comparing risk factors for T. gondii seropositivity (vs. seronegativity). Cases of T. gondii disease were confirmed using laboratory and hospitalization data and evaluated using descriptive statistics. Results Among 4424 people with HIV, 3696 (84%) were T. gondii IgG negative and 728 (16%) IgG positive. In adjusted analyses, T. gondii seropositivity was associated with older age, birth outside of North America and lower educational attainment. The prevalence of T. gondii infection increased over time, associated with increased migration of people with HIV from T. gondii endemic regions. T. gondii disease was diagnosed among 36 people with HIV, the majority being male (72%), age <50 years (64%), born outside North America (72%) with a median CD4+ count of 33 cells/mm 3 at the time of T. gondii disease diagnosis. Recent HIV diagnosis and those re‐engaging in HIV care accounted for 16 cases. Five deaths from T. gondii disease occurred, and 17 experienced long‐term disability. Conclusions An increasing prevalence of T. gondii infection was identified among people with HIV at SAC likely due to increasing migration and age of the clinic population. The high mortality of T. gondii disease underscores the ongoing need for strategies to prevent infection and reactivation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".